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This study thus focused on quantitative analysis of flood impact on rice crops under climate change using MRI-AGCM climate model outputs for the past (1979–2002) and far-future (2075–2098) periods for the Solo River basin in Indonesia.

The study revealed that climate change and reduction in future paddy field areas will severely impact rice production, increasing flood risks and agricultural losses. More frequent floods with greater inundation will threaten livelihoods. Adaptation measures, land-use regulations, and flood-tolerant rice varieties are essential to reduce future damage.