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This profile provides an overview of climate risks to key sectors that impact food security in Mozambique, with a focus on Zambezia: human health (including nutrition; water, sanitation and hygiene or WASH; and health services); agriculture (including crop production, livestock, invasive species, pesticide use and storage, and food processing and storage); and sensitive ecosystems. Mozambicans experience high rates of chronic food insecurity. Chronic malnutrition is most widespread in the northern provinces—including Zambezia—where populations experience high rates of chronic food insecurity, and less access to health services, water, sanitation, and education. Chronic malnutrition and food insecurity in Mozambique are partially driven by several non-climatic stressors, namely conflict, poverty, constraints to income generation, and inadequate infrastructure, which result in poor food utilization and diet diversity, poor health and hygiene practices, a lack of nutritional foods in the diet, poor access to clean water, and poor sanitation and childcare practices.

The document describes historical trends and projected near-term changes in climate, livelihood zones in BHA geographies, and climate risks to the key food security-related sectors within the BHA geographies. Mozambique is exposed to various climate-related hazards that worsen food insecurity, including tropical cyclones, recurring droughts, and coastal and inland flooding (particularly in the Zambezi Valley). Climate-related stressors that aggravate food insecurity are projected to become more frequent and more intense in the future. This includes increased temperatures, more frequent and intense rainfall events leading to flooding, a shorter rainy season in the north, more frequent and intense droughts in the central and southern regions, and sea level rise.