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A conceptual framework is proposed for identifying and analyzing different types of responses to cross-border climate impacts. The response framework provides typologies of cross-border climate impacts and responses and define different configurations of actors who may respond to impacts. A set of alternative governance approaches are then proposed to address different types of cross-border climate impact, potentially minimizing undesirable consequences of adaptation responses. The framework offers a sequence of steps to assess historical responses and map policy gaps and underrepresented response types, enhancing the design and implementation of adaptation strategies in future. The framework is applied to a historical example, the food affordability crisis in 2010, and a hypothetical case of a global food security crisis in future.

By remaining abstract and generic, the framework provides a structure that can be adopted to analyze adaptation actions over different jurisdictions and systems. The application of the response framework offers a more comprehensive architecture to identify and filter responses to cross-border climate impacts and formulate inquiries into their appropriateness, and enhances understanding of the suite of approaches and modalities to respond to cross-border climate impacts, as well as identifying potentially novel solutions, not only to adapt to cross-border climate impacts at smaller scales, but to also improve system-wide resilience and international collabo ration cooperation on adaptation.