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The report introduces the concept of social protection, provides an overview of the current state of social protection, discusses the linkages between social protection and climate and disaster risk, and sheds light on social protection in the broader realm of risk financing and insurance. Furthermore, the report presents the concept and methodology and the most recent global update of the InsuRisk assessment tool for 188 countries.

Based on outlined findings, key recommendations to inform research and policy on social protection, risk insurance and financing in the context of climate and disaster risk are outlined. Some of the recommendations are:

• Knowledge on specific effects of social protection and insurance solutions on climate and disaster risk and its causes needs to be enhanced;

• Data collection and reporting on social protection should be increased;

• Based on further research and evidence, lessons learnt from responding to the COVID-19 pandemic should inform the upscaling of social protection and insurance in the context of climate and disaster risk and help to look at risk holistically;

• Future pathways of social protection and CDRFI should be developed; and

• Social protection needs to be scaled-up to close protection gaps.