Monitoring and warning for tsunamis generated by volcanoes
This report explores tsunamis caused by volcanic activity—such as flank collapses, pyroclastic flows, and underwater explosions. These volcanic tsunamis make up about 13% of global events but are harder to predict. The report reviews how such tsunamis form, highlights gaps in current monitoring systems, and offers guidance to improve early warnings. Real-time volcano monitoring using seismic, satellite, and acoustic data is key. Case studies like Stromboli (Italy), Anak Krakatau (Indonesia), and Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga) illustrate both the risks and responses.
Findings show that volcanic tsunamis often strike quickly, leaving little time to react. However, with well-integrated monitoring and modelling, effective warnings are possible. For example, Stromboli’s system can detect events and issue alerts within minutes. Models show that subaerial landslides typically generate larger waves than underwater ones. The report recommends stronger links between volcano observatories and tsunami warning centers, and tailored models based on local risks. Early warning and preparedness can save lives in coastal areas at risk from volcanic tsunamis.
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