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This paper discusses the difference post-Ebola reforms made for covid-19, the remaining gaps and blind spots, and implications for the future. Covid-19 has exposed glaring gaps in the global system for preventing, detecting, and responding to potential pandemics. Attention to, and political momentum for, reform is building with a series of high level international reviews,and calls for a pandemic treaty by more than 25 heads of state and the director general of the World Health Organization. The last major effort to reform pandemic preparedness followed the 2014-16 west African Ebola crisis. Looking at what was and was not implemented after Ebola provides insight not only into how that reform process has affected the global covid-19 response but also into future potential challenges.

This paper offers five key messages, including: 

1. The global response to covid-19 has benefited from reforms implemented after the west African Ebola crisis.
2. These include national preparedness, increased data sharing, international investment in vaccine research, and a stronger WHO.
3. However, gaps and blind spots in that reform process left the world unprepared for the magnitude, breadth, and severity of the covid-19 pandemic.
4. Wide ranging reforms are needed, but only a few are likely to be implemented, particularly those most relevant to covid-19.
5. Post-covid reforms should prioritise continuous monitoring of the global system and flexible arrangements to adapt governance as new possible pandemics emerge.