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This systematic literature review critically aims to investigate existing approaches and methods for simulating and visualising indoor seismic damage to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research, identify knowledge gaps and offer insights into the future. The researchers developed a conceptual framework, which integrates essential aspects, including methods and tools, to develop seismic damage simulation and visualisation.

This objective was achieved by systematically reviewing 20 articles published between 2017 and 2023 to answer several research questions on the type of application, software, interoperability challenges and hardware adopted to visualise the damages. The studies showed that most existing literature focuses primarily on institutional buildings, including hospitals, universities and schools. This finding could be attributed to these buildings’ high occupancy and significant functions, prioritising their safety and resilience. The research also shows that studies simulate earthquake damage based on physical models or qualitative data. Each approach has advantages and can contribute valuable insights into earthquake simulation and visualisation.