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The report aims to provide a solid, up to date evidence base on adaptation planning and actions in the local and urban context. It follows previous EEA reports on urban adaptation.

• The first report (EEA, 2012) introduced the subject of adaptation at the local level and focused on the risks to cities; steps and success factors linked to planning urban adaptation; and the role of multi-level governance in supporting urban adaptation.
• The 2016 report concentrated on the five driving factors of transformative adaptation: governance, knowledge, planning, economics, and monitoring and evaluation (EEA, 2016).
• A specific report on financing urban adaptation to climate change has also been published (EEA, 2017c).

This report builds on these three previous publications and attempts to summarise the scientific evidence on climate- and weatherrelated hazards facing European cities and their impacts, which has grown substantially since 2012.