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This work is a scientific analysis of the operational experience of COVID-19 disaster relief in Heidelberg, Germany, between 2020 and 2022. Civil-military cooperation during the pandemic has made valuable contributions to strengthening the resilience of society as a whole – probably at a high price.

The mitigation potential can be limited for all stakeholders if a healthcare system is already overloaded with routine operations. In the future, it will be important to reduce bureaucracy, break the ‘panic-then-forget’ cycle through sustainable, holistic disaster preparation, establish timely operational readiness, and master the “infodemic” in a world of social media.